Programming for Biology. Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Center for Statistics and Machine Learning. February 2021 - Present. Strong research collaborations with clinical partners. Graduate Programs. jb6@princeton. Experience: Include relevant academic, professional, and personal experiences that influenced the decision to apply for graduate admission and obtain a graduate degree. js29@princeton. research training site for students enrolled in the Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-Princeton University MD/PhD program. Gordon Y. We prepare students for careers for academia, government, industrial research and development, business, entrepreneurship and medicine. degree have support from their employers or The School of Engineering and Applied Science invites high-achieving, rising college seniors majoring in STEM disciplines to participate in Pathways to Graduate School for Rising College Seniors. Rachel Karchin, professor of biomedical engineering at Johns Hopkins University, is pioneering the field of computational cancer genomics. cbarnold@princeton. Metabolic engineering involves the discovery, assembly, and optimization of heterologous metabolic pathways in host microorganisms, with two possible goals: 1) to produce molecules of commercial value, such as biofuels, bioplastics, commodity chemicals, or specialty chemicals (drugs, pigments, flavorants, etc. 609-258-6728. in Molecular Biology. Beyond Princeton Engineering’s 11 interdisciplinary centers, and 44 areas of departmental research outlined below, graduate students at Princeton work fluidly with colleagues throughout Princeton University and its two associated national laboratories. D. Doctoral degrees require the fulfillment of the specific department requirements including the number of courses with grades of S (satisfactory) or at least a B-, as well as successful completion of the qualifying examination and doctoral dissertation. Fee waivers are available to students in financial need; please contact Julie Yun, Associate Dean of Diversity and Inclusion for the School of Engineering and Applied Science, to request In recent years, Princeton engineering students have studied for a semester or a year abroad in England, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, France, Ireland, Ghana, Chile, Israel, Australia, New Zealand, Korea, and China. Prateek Mittal. Nov 13, 2023 · The program is now welcoming applicants for the 2024-2025 school year. 1, 2023. The Graduate School and the Department of Molecular Biology have partnered with The Rutgers University (New Brunswick/Piscataway) and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (RWJMS) to serve as a Ph. Application. Advances in nano-fabrication and new materials continue to enable novel ways of controlling the creation, propagation and trapping of light in wavelength-scale structures. D404C Engineering Quadrangle/Bowen Hall Rm 320. 7% Women. To apply to the PhD program, you must complete the online applicationby December 1, 2023 at 11:59:59 pm ET. (link is external) Graduate Program Overview. mbrynild@princeton. 609-258-7975. We engage in cutting-edge research on a broad range of exciting and innovative areas at the frontier of photonics and quantum optics, focusing on both fundamental Jul 18, 2023 · The current Princeton Bioengineering Initiative, which launched in 2020, has involved faculty from the School of Engineering and Applied Science, the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, the Princeton Neuroscience Institute and the departments of molecular biology, physics, chemistry, and ecology and evolutionary biology. Jonathan M. For Current Grad Designing a Career in Biomedical Engineering: an IEEE YouTube playlist for those considering a career in BME. The physical manifestation of our vision for the future of Princeton Bioengineering is taking shape in our plans for the new Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute home. Earlier applications are encouraged; late applications are not accepted. m. His current research interests include novel chip-scale arhcitectures for intelligent sensing and communication for a wide range of emerging applications. Students must be admitted to one of these two degree programs. The application fee is $75. The new Institute aims to bolster innovation, entrepreneurship, and ties to the region’s biotech and pharmaceutical industries by focusing on cellular engineering, biomedical instruments and devices, and computational bioengineering. Our research places the focus on developing high-performing learning networks, for which deep learning processors has now become the state-of-the-arts and have virtually replaced most traditional signal processors in speech and image processing applications. 3. 3400 N. The graduate program accepts beginning and advanced students for study and research. 1. The Operations Research and Financial Engineering (ORFE) department’s intellectual mission is to develop theory and tools in statistics, probability, and optimization to extract meaningful information from data, and to utilize information to make optimal decisions. She was a visiting research scientist at DeepMind, IAS and Simons Institute on Bioengineering PhD. Using expertise in AI and machine learning The first doctorate degree in bioengineering in the nation was awarded at Penn in 1953, and since that time, Penn Bioengineering has been an integral academic program linking faculty from the engineering, medical, and arts and sciences schools on a single centrally-located campus. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Graduate Program Coordinator. ELE 480. GRE: General Test optional/not required. The graduate program provides multidisciplinary graduate education at the interface of the physical and the life sciences. Innovations and new developments in this area Master's Degree Programs. Students develop foundational knowledge and creative problem-solving skills needed for leadership in a Photonics. Applying to the Graduate School. Ongoing research in this area includes nonlinear dynamical systems, reduced-order modeling, optimal control and estimation Jun 10, 2024 · The Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group accepts applications for Ph. S. Multiple faculty members and students from SEAS were nominated by students, faculty and staff for Pillar of Leadership Awards. Chemistry, Biology and Technology. And while they're at it, our students pursue an amazing diversity of passions — from volleyball to chamber orchestra, from start-up companies to semesters abroad. Topics covered include basic imaging theory, microscopy, tomography, and imaging through tissue. Harnessing mechanisms that underpin cell functions and dynamics leads to advanced research into disease, genetics and Admission The Department of Molecular Biology reviews applications each year for students interested in pursuing a Ph. Oakland University, Rochester, MI. Learn about life in CBE. A master’s degree is not required for admission to our program. Cellular and Tissue Engineering. To join the inaugural class, applicants should apply directly to the Bioengineering Program through the Princeton University Graduate School by Dec. Application Deadline: December 1, 2024 Admission Requirements The Admission Committee thoroughly evaluates each application; there The Wallace H. 0 GPA. (410) 955-3132. Vincent Poor. In the 2019-2020 academic year, 30 students received their doctor’s degree in biological and biomedical sciences. Chemical & Environmental Engineering: ragini. Admission & Onboarding. 609-258-4597. 40. All applications are due by 11:59 p. E. Esteemed faculty members—more than half are also faculty of the Duke University School of Medicine. Admissions Application Requirements. The committee should be as diverse as possible, including faculty members with primary appointments in Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Applied Science. com. Senior Editor. (609) 258-0250. EEB 325. There are approximately 165 graduate students and 120 postdoctoral researchers, visiting faculty and senior scholars representing diverse backgrounds and experiences pursuing research in all major areas of Biomedical engineers apply the concepts of engineering – mathematical modeling, analysis, design – to living systems, improving lives by solving problems in biology and medicine. Wu Professor of Engineering. This program has been started in 2015 and draws on the institute's position at the interface between the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich as two leading universities in Medicine and Engineering, respectively, and aims at educating tomorrow We prepare graduate students for distinguished careers in research and teaching, and as leaders in the public and private sectors. Biomedical Imaging. Johns Hopkins University (Whiting) Duke University (Pratt) Georgia Institute of Technology. Jonelle Basso. Jason D. Fields of Study. gibilisco@yale. Eastern Time on the date of the deadline. 0% Racial-Ethnic Minorities*. A suite of tools developed from chemistry and biology empowers the production and improvement of biomolecules, like DNA, RNA and protein, in the service of human health. Our students are rigorously trained as physicians at RWJMS, and trainees can matriculate into any PhD program across the The Graduate School at Princeton University awards more than 300 advanced degrees annually across 45 departments and programs. Welcome. study is 18 to 22 months (three to four academic terms with summer in between); students admitted in candidacy for the M. Our commitment to 24 Biomedical Engineering PhD jobs available in Princeton Meadows, NJ on Indeed. Michael Henry Strater University Professor. The statement should include: Plans: Highlight current academic and future career plans as they relate to the Princeton degree program to which you are applying. Ren Ramlan, a PhD student in Course 20, based her Principles of Synthetic Biology class The Collaborations between Artists and Scientists or Engineers fund encourages collaborations between faculty and scholars in the arts and those in the natural sciences or engineering. Mon, Jul 22, 2024, 10:00 am – 11:30 am. The field is rapidly expanding to include many exciting research areas: Bioinstrumentation: developing tools for biological research. ). We encourage applications from students of diverse academic backgrounds. Program is designed to meet the diverse needs of talented individuals who have an interest in pursuing a career in a health-related profession, especially medicine, or research. Reconfigurable Hardware Acceleration with Synthesizable and Tightly Integrated FPGAs. Control, Robotics and Dynamical Systems. Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering. Areas of excellence at Princeton include: applied and computational mathematics, bioengineering, environmental and energy science and technology, materials synthesis and processing, process engineering and science, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, and Director, Engineering Communications. East Baltimore Campus. All applications are submitted online through the Graduate School. News & World Report’s Best Graduate Schools rankings. Ph. Because of our unique structure and approach to engineering, and the lack of formal boundaries between Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering and the Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute. And all Ph. The core of the department's curriculum — solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, dynamics, control systems, materials and applied mathematics — are combined with the experience of engineering design. Learn More. ODBI sits at the nexus of a rapidly growing and interdisciplinary Bioengineering community, which is pioneering new research and training Overview. Our degree programs are housed within four divisions: humanities, natural sciences, social sciences, and engineering. Interested in entrepreneurship, innovation, and design? Visit the Keller Center for Innovation in Engineering Education. Bioengineering graduate students have the option to pursue dual and joint programs with the Stanford Schools of Business, Medicine, and/or Law. Nelson, Princeton’s Wilke Family Professor in Bioengineering and a professor of Here are the Best Biomedical Engineering Programs. students receive full funding for at least five years. A highly entrepreneurial culture. Fernández-Capetillo Óscar, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014 Need help? Graduate Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology; The application process is open for approximately three months each fall, from mid-September (9/15) until the application deadline. Doctoral students perform research at the highest level, advancing knowledge in their fields. Roughly 80 percent supplement their major with an undergraduate certificate. Joint BME hosts a bi-weekly podcast called The BME Grad Podcast to help students with early career decisions in biomedical engineering. Administered from Lewis-Sigler Institute, Biophysics is a collaboration in multidisciplinary graduate education among faculty in the Institute and the Departments of Chemistry, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Computer Science, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Mechanical Engineering, Molecular Biology, Neuroscience, and Physics. Charles StreetWyman Park BuildingSuite 400 WestBaltimore, MD 21218. Careers that make a lasting impact on the world. 0. Learn how to apply below, or explore the program further. Fluid mechanics spans many fields of science and engineering and plays an integral role in many broader societal issues including energy, health, and the environment. For each of these degree programs, the department offers individualized tracks of graduate study that are aligned with the Location. Apply to Senior Product Development Engineer, Biomedical Technician, Staff Engineer and more! The Princeton Graduate School welcomes applicants who are seeking to reimagine what’s possible in their fields. University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Ramadge. Back-propagation (BP), the current de The Chair of the Committee is responsible for ensuring the graduate project is grounded in the design components of biomedical engineering (see Appendix: SBME Thesis Guidelines). Conway. The University at Buffalo’s School of Engineering and Applied Sciences ranked No. Options exist for an MS/MBA dual degree, MD/PhD combined degree, JD/MS or JD/PhD combined degree. Every CBE student graduates with a Bachelor of Science in Engineering (BSE) degree. Princeton University has launched a Ph. 609-258-3617. Over the past decade, Princeton faculty have developed new courses that address the design and control of living systems at multiple scales, from single molecules to cells, tissues, and organisms. The Department of Chemistry offers a program of study leading to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. program aims to prepare students for positions as independent researchers, whether in industry or in academia. Apply to Senior Researcher, Scientist, Biomedical Equipment Technician and more! The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering offers two graduate degrees: Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. Resources for Current Students & Staff (on BioE Intranet) For Current Undergraduates. 2019-2023 PhD Princeton University, 2008. The program will start with a one-day virtual event followed by monthly virtual workshops throughout the fall. She develops novel algorithms and software to analyze genomic data and interpret its impact on cancer, the immune system, and tumor evolution. The minimum GPA to be considered for entry into the BME Graduate Program is 3. 720 Rutland AvenueBaltimore, MD 21205. 57 nationwide and No. edu. The next application deadline is December 15, 2024. and M. Penn Bioengineering provides students with a flexible curriculum Our MD-PhD program is a unique collaboration between Rutgers, one of the largest academic institutions in the country, and Princeton University, a smaller Ivy League institution 20 miles south of Rutgers in Princeton, NJ. As part of the graduate experience, the University also offers certificates, interdepartmental The plan provides opportunities for study in software systems, algorithms and complexity, machine architecture, computer graphics, programming languages, machine learning, and other core areas of computer science. The program is designed for undergraduate students who want to pursue careers or graduate education in biotechnology or bioengineering. Bioengineering is an interdisciplinary program where students are free to collaborate and interact closely with other labs as well as with centers and schools across the Harvard engineering and medical campuses. Goals: Outline For questions regarding graduate admissions policies and procedures specific to engineering, please contact the appropriate Graduate Registrar listed below: Biomedical Engineering: cara. The CEE Department at Princeton is truly an exciting place for graduate studies! Chemical and biological engineering addresses a range of problems in human health, energy, materials science, and industrial processes. Assistant to Graduate Program Coordinator (part-time) This course gives a general introduction to biological and biomedical imaging. Our program prepares chemical and biological engineers for academia, government, industrial research and development, business, entrepreneurship and medicine. SAN DIEGO, March 19, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Tempo Therapeutics, Inc ("Tempo") a leading innovator in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, today announced the successful completion of its $12 million Series A The application must be submitted, and all required supporting material must be uploaded, by the deadline below. ReMatch+ is the culmination of the yearlong ReMatch program. Catalytic and Plasma Treatment for Plastic Up-cycling. The analysis, synthesis, and design of systems with complex dynamics, and techniques for controlling such systems using feedback, play important roles in many aspects of engineering. Apr 19, 2024 · Tempo Therapeutics Secures Series A Financing to Advance Cutting-Edge Tissue Scaffold Products into Clinical Trials. PhD candidates will work in close collaboration with prominent faculty and clinicians to develop interdisciplinary skills and become leaders in academia and industry. Bioengineer Celeste Nelson, who explores the architecture of animal tissues and organs, has won a Director's Pioneer Award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), recognizing her major contributions to the field of tissue engineering. Insights from computational biology can advance basic science, aid in engineering design, and improve health outcomes at many levels, including in research, policy and clinical settings. program in bioengineering for students who want to unlock fundamental discoveries in the life sciences and apply engineering principles to pressing human needs. 30 Doctor's Degrees Awarded. Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. We believe that the diversity and contributions of all of our community members are essential and make us who we are. Join a thriving, interdisciplinary research community with unique opportunities in translational research. Wed, Oct 23, 2024, 4:00 pm – 5:00 pm. The central feature of the program is original research Biomedical Engineering 1. The Bioengineering program's UCSF office is located at the Mission Bay campus. Architecture, Arts and Archaeology. The molecular biology department at Princeton is a tightly knit, cohesive group of scientists that includes undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and faculty with diverse but overlapping interests. (410) 516-8120. The Office of Undergraduate Research Student Initiated A firm grounding in the fundamentals of chemical and biological engineering enables graduates to lead their peers in a surprising range of fields. Following the success of the Masters Program in Biomedical Engineering, a structured framework of doctoral studies in Biomedical Engineering is offered. The role of biomedical engineering in the diagnosis and treatment of various Mengdi Wang is an associate professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Center for Statistics and Machine Learning at Princeton University. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Emory University and Georgia Tech is a diverse and international community of faculty, students, and staff who promote equity, diversity, and inclusion on our campuses. Jean Bausmith. Arnold Group. The breadth is reflected in research topics that range over eight orders of magnitude in Reynolds numbers: from cells to submarines. Bioelectronics and Biosensors. If accepted into the program, you must have received a BA or BS degree or its equivalent prior to matriculation. Associate Director of Graduate Studies. ecedgs@princeton. Ray Thompson Professor, Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee. Highly selective Master’s Degree Programs in architecture, engineering, finance Nov 16, 2020 · Wondering how becoming a PhD in biomedical research works? Dr. Both physical and computational imaging will be covered, across a variety of different modalities (including visible light, x-ray, MRI, and ultrasound). Thomas Magaldi from Gerstner Sloan Kettering will provide an overview of types of biomedical science graduate programs, how to prepare for the application, and what has changed in graduate program admissions in the time of COVID. The program is now welcoming applicants for the 2024-2025 school year. Contact BME. Faculty and students contribute to both the foundations of these PhD Program. Director of the Center for Statistics and Machine Learning. EEB 330. Deadline dates shown are for 2023 and are subject to change up until September 1. The degree programs are sufficiently flexible The Ph. For biological and chemical sciences majors, the program offers study Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Hydrology and the Atmospheric Environment. (link is external) International Applicants. 609-258-1995. The program will provide: Princeton The American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) has announced the induction of Jacquin C. View All Events. Biomedical engineers apply the concepts of engineering – mathematical modeling, analysis, design – to living systems, improving lives by solving problems in biology and medicine. Apply. ELE 452. One of the two newly funded technologies is led by associated faculty at the Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute. She is also affiliated with the Department of Computer Science, Princeton’s ML Theory Group. General Atomics Plasma Fellowship (1994-1999) Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Associated Faculty in the Princeton Materials Institute (PMI) My research focuses on nonlinear optics within the broader context of general wave physics. The Office of Undergraduate Research runs two concurrent summer research programs for Princeton undergraduates. Stanford Passionate about the place where science, engineering, and medicine intersect? Earn a PhD grounded in quantitative science or engineering, combined with extensive training in biomedical sciences and clinical practice. Students may take technical courses to fulfill departmental requirements and electives while they are abroad. Johns Hopkins Biomedical Engineering. Homewood Campus. Princeton Doctorate Student Diversity for Biological & Biomedical Sciences. Application Process. We are a world-class engineering school in the heart of a great liberal arts university. Speaker. 31 among public universities in U. Oct 4, 2022 · October 4, 2022. Associate Professor in Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering at UT Space Institute. It is common for engineering graduate students to work with co-advisors in other Earn Your PhD in Biomedical Engineering at Duke. Graduate students have a wide choice of advisers, with a broad spectrum of interdisciplinary interests and research objectives. Most of the applicants who enter the program have substantially above a 3. S Degrees. Who should apply? HST thrives when it reflects the community it serves. 0 out of 4. The gender and racial-ethnic breakdown of those individuals is shown below. H. Nov 6, 2023 · Princeton University has launched a Ph. August 2015 - January 2021. In addition to fulfilling Mason's admission requirements for graduate study, applicants should: Have a baccalaureate degree in engineering or the sciences from an accredited program with a reputation for high academic standards and an earned GPA of 3. 609-258-7185. neural systems engineering and vision science. The gaps between c Characterizing Dynamic Materials and Systems for Sustainable Electrocatalytic Technologies. program in bioengineering for students who want to unlock fundamental Biography. Columbia University BME Webinar Series 2020-21 Articles of Interest Day in the Life of a Biomedical Engineer Research and Life Engineer the Future of Human Health with a PhD in Biomedical Engineering Bioengineering at Princeton took a significant step forward in July 2023 with the creation of the Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute. At Princeton, researchers in computational biology use the tools of computer science — algorithmic design, bioinformatics, statistics, artificial The BME Grad Podcast. Facilities. The Graduate Certificate in Bioengineering is designed to formalize students' training in the engineering analysis of living systems. Brown University offers master's and Ph. It offers freshmen and sophomores an opportunity to carry out paid graduate-mentored research projects over the summer. Sengupta joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, as a Faculty Member, in 2013, where he is currently an Professor. Peter J. The program is a collaboration among faculty in the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and the departments of Chemistry, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Computer Science, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Mechanical Engineering, Molecular Biology All applications are submitted electronically via the graduate school. 56. fMRI Decoding: Reading Minds Using Brain Scans. Register. 3 or better in their highest-level engineering-related credits. Quick Links. jain@yale. Explore Hopkins BME. ) from At Princeton Engineering, we ensure students master the fundamental principles of engineering science, then prepare them to make their own contributions to their fields—all with the goal of solving problems of broad importance for society. Metabolic engineering. ) and Master of Science in Engineering (M. The graduate program defines the frontiers of knowledge in our field by preparing leaders in engineering and applied sciences for careers Each candidate’s experience is broadened through satisfactory completion of six graduate courses in chemical and biological engineering. Kate Brosowsky. The deadline for submitting your application is December 1. Successful applicants to the Biomedical Engineering Graduate Group in 2024 demonstrated strong scientific skills, research experience, academic achievement, resourcefulness, and a commitment to outreach, leadership and service. The interface between engineering and the life sciences is an area of dramatic growth and intellectual vigor. Engineering Quad A Wing - A224. Students engage in rigorous coursework including Anatomy Lab and complete a Capstone Project under the Dr. Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. programs in several engineering disciplines, as well as master's degree programs in computational engineering, design engineering, entrepreneurship, and technology leadership. First launched in January 2021 by podcast founder and Joint BME alumna Allie Mitzak, the podcast interviews guests in manufacturing, management, marketing, clinical, regulatory, and B. (link is external) Steps for Applying. It may not be applied toward other charges. The Bioengineering program is offered by the UCSF Graduate Division, administered by the UCSF schools of pharmacy and medicine and the UC Berkeley Path to Graduation. Our Biomedical Sciences – M. Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering. Master’s students are trained to assess information and trends and to create original works. You will learn how bioengineering integrates fundamental engineering disciplines such as thermodynamics and fluid The PhD program in Biomedical Engineering is a hands-on learning experience that integrates world-class research and advanced coursework at the cutting edge of biomedical engineering. Electrical Engineering: cara. Learning more about our distinguished community of scholars and how to apply for graduate admission. Niles, MD, PhD, to its College of Fellows, among the highest professional distinctions accorded to medical and biological engineers. We share a close-knit campus with leaders in the humanities, public policy, and the social and natural sciences. sschultz@princeton. 205 Hoyt Laboratory. The BioE building is currently being designed as part of an expansive new complex along Ivy Lane and Western Way, and will house state of the art research and 22. To join the inaugural class, applicants should apply directly to the Bioengineering Program through the Princeton The molecular biology department at Princeton is a tightly knit, cohesive group of scientists that includes undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and faculty with diverse but overlapping interests. Mar 19, 2024. Global in scope, yet intimate enough to foster new, cross-disciplinary connections, we believe that the power to shape what’s next begins with you. Mathematical Modeling in Biology and Medicine. students pay no tuition and receive a livable stipend, for the standard program length of five years, provided they are making good progress in the program. Biomolecular Engineering. The emphasis is on propagation problems that are universal to wave systems, taking advantage of The Program in Engineering Biology is designed for highly motivated undergraduate students who are interested in pursuing careers or graduate education in biotechnology or bioengineering. 4 Application Processing Fee A non-refundable application fee must accompany the application. For engineering students, the program offers study in cellular and molecular biology, genetics, physiology, biochemistry and neuroscience. . Lee. The typical duration of M. Visit the UCSF general catalog or program website for more information. This work spans areas of critical societal importance in the natural and built environments, involving interdisciplinary and international collaborations. Theoretical, experimental, and numerical tools 20 Biomedical Engineer PhD jobs available in Bulls Head, NY on Indeed. The Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute (ODBI) at Princeton University provides world-class academic mentorship to students intending to work toward the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Bioengineering. tw et wp lb kw is lg wa jr or